Effects of molecular weight fraction on antioxidation capacity of rice protein hydrolysates.

Rice protein was used as a starting material to provide rice protein hydrolysates (RPH) through enzyme-assisted extraction. RPH was further fractionated using ultrafiltration membrane (UF) and classified by molecular weight (MW; MW < 1 kDa, MW 1-10 kDa, and MW > 10 kDa). Peptides with MW < 1 kDa possessed superior antioxidant properties (p < 0.05). Therefore, UF demonstrated great efficacy in selectively separating antioxidant peptides. A Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the total phenolic concentration was correlated with oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC; r = 0.999, p < 0.05). Amino acid contents had negative correlations with the scavenging activity (specifically, IC50) of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals (r = - 0.986 to - 1.000). Reducing power was related to aromatic amino acid contents (r = 0.997, p < 0.05). In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis was discovered to be an effective method of extracting and isolating natural antioxidant proteins from broken rice, thus preserving the nutritional quality of rice and making those proteins more accessible in future applications.

Development and Validation of an On-Line HPLC-DAD-Antioxidant Assay (ORAC)/ESI-HRMS System to Identify Antioxidant Compounds in Complex Mixtures.

An online high-performance liquid-chromatography-diode-array detector coupled with detection of antioxidant compounds using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometer (HPLC-DAD-antioxidant assay (ORAC)/ESI-HRMS) was developed for the identification of antioxidant compounds in complex mixtures. The method was validated using quercetin and a mixture of antioxidant compounds with different antioxidant activities (resveratrol, dihydroxymethoxy-dihydrochalcone, ferulic acid, baicalein and luteolin). Accuracy of the system was established by comparing the results from the developed system with those from ORAC microplate assay determination and reveals the ability of the system to determine the respective contribution of antioxidant compounds to the whole activity of complex mixtures. Application of the system to the identification of antioxidants in a commercial Yerba Mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) reveals the occurrence of seven actives, which were characterized as chlorogenic acids isomers (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid), dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers (3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and rutin based on UV/Vis spectra, HRMS and MS/MS data. This on-line system is able to generate HPLC-DAD fingerprints, UV/Vis spectra, ORAC activity profile and high-resolution mass spectrometric data.

The use of cyclodextrins as solubility enhancers in the ORAC method may cause interference in the measurement of antioxidant activity.

The ability of cyclodextrins to enhance the water solubility of lipophilic compounds is used to modify the water-based Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) method to measure antioxidant activity in vitro. However, the use of these solubility enhancers may alter fluorescent readings, which has led to contradictory results being described in the literature. The low specificity of these oligosaccharides and their controlled release effect can result in cyclodextrins forming inclusion complexes with other reagents in the assay, changing the kinetics. In this study, the cause of cyclodextrins' interference in the ORAC method is evaluated through a physicochemical and computational approach. Cyclodextrins showed a clear increase in the fluorescent signal both in the presence and absence of the antioxidant oxyresveratrol, the precise effect being dependent on the type and concentration of cyclodextrin. Although the glucidic nature of cyclodextrins could play a minimal role in this effect, it seems that the main cause was the encapsulation of other substrates in the reaction, fluorescein and AAPH.

Bioprospecting of Less-Polar Fractions of Ericaria crinita and Ericaria amentacea: Developmental Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity.

Ericaria crinita and Ericaria amentacea from the Adriatic Sea (Croatia) were investigated with respect to the presence of less-polar compounds for the first time after fractionation by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The composition of less-polar fractions of freeze-dried E. crinita (FdEc) and E. amentacea (FdEa) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS). The major identified compounds were: amides of higher aliphatic acids (palmitoleamide, linoleamide, palmitamide, oleamide and erucamide) and related compounds, carotenoid (fucoxanthin), chlorophyll derivatives (pheophytin a and b and their derivatives) and higher terpenes (loliolide, isoamijiol with its oxidation product), ß-stigmasterol and (3ß,6α)-14-methylergosta-8,24(28)-diene-3,6-diol). The toxic effects observed on the less-polar fractions obtained from Ericaria species on zebrafish Danio rerio embryos could be associated with the high abundance of all five detected amides. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was evaluated by means of five independent assays, including the reduction of the radical cation (ABTS), the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. A higher antioxidant activity of E. amentacea in comparison to that of the E. crinita fractions was found with IC50 concentrations of 0.072 and 1.177 mg/mL, respectively. The correlation between the activity and the chemical composition revealed that the synergistic effect of different compounds impacted their antioxidant response.

Estrategias para la evaluación de extractos de polifenoles en modelos in vitro de cáncer de vías digestivas / Strategies for Evaluation of Polyphenol Extracts on in vitro Models of Digestive Tract Cancer / Estratégias para a avaliação de extratos de polifenóis em modelos in vitro de câncer do sistema digestivo

Introducción: Los polifenoles son compuestos que se encuentran naturalmente en alimentos como frutas, verduras, té, vino y chocolates, a los que se les atribuyen beneficios a la salud humana por su capacidad antioxidante. El cáncer de las vías digestivas se encuentra entre la tercera y quinta causas de muerte para la población, por lo que se ha incrementado el interés por realizar los estudios dirigidos a encontrar compuestos polifenólicos que ayuden en su prevención o tratamiento. Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias disponibles para la evaluación de polifenoles en células de cáncer de vías digestivas. Metodología: Búsqueda de literatura en bases de datos como Ovid, Pubmed, Science Direct y Elsevier Journal. Se seleccionaron artículos en los cuales se reporta el efecto biológico de los polifenoles sobre líneas celulares de cáncer de vías digestivas publicados entre 2012 y 2022. Resultados: Varios estudios han reportado el uso de un buen número de líneas celulares como modelos in vitropara estudios de polifenoles en cáncer y han resaltado las líneas AGS y HT-29, además de técnicas para la caracterización de los polifenoles, como el ensayo 2,2-Difenil-I-Picril Hidrazilo (DPPH). Sin embargo, para evaluar el efecto biológico se identifican diversas pruebas que deben analizarse antes de su implementación. Conclusiones: En la literatura se identifica que existen varias alternativas y estrategias para la evaluación de extrac-tos vegetales en cultivos in vitro de cáncer de vías digestivas; no obstante, antes de pasar al diseño experimental, deben tenerse en cuenta una serie de consideraciones para garantizar la utilidad de los resultados.

Introduction: Polyphenols are compounds naturally found in foods such as fruits, vegetables, tea, wine and chocolates, and it was attributed with benefits to human health due to their antioxidant capacity. Cancer of the digestive tract is between the third and fifth cause of death for the population, increasing the interest in carrying out studies aimed at finding polyphenolic compounds that help in their prevention or treatment. Objective: Identify the available strategies for the evaluation of polyphenols in digestive tract cancer cells. Method: A literature search was performed in databases such Ovid, Pubmed, Science Direct and Elsevier Journal and selected articles reporting the biological effect of polyphenols on digestive tract cancer cell lines, published between 2012 and 2022. Results: Currently studies report the use of a good number of cell lines as in vitro models for poly-phenol studies in cancer highlighting the AGS and HT-29 lines, in addition to techniques for the characterization of polyphenols such as the α, α-diphenyl-ß-picrylhydrazyl DPPH assay, however, to evaluate the biological effect various tests are identified that should be analyzed before implemen-tation. Conclusions: The literature identifies that there are many alternatives and strategies for the evaluation of plant extracts in in vitro cultures of digestive tract cancer, however, before moving on to the experimental design, a number of considerations should be taken into account to ensure the usability of the results

Introdução: Os polifenóis são compostos encontrados naturalmente em alimentos como frutas, legumes, chá, vinho e chocolates, aos quais são atribuídos benefícios para a saúde humana devido à sua capacidade antioxidante. O câncer do sistema digestivo está entre a terceira e a quinta principais causas de morte na população, o que levou a um interesse crescente em estudos destinados a encon-trar compostos polifenólicos que ajudem a prevenir ou tratar esse tipo de câncer. Objetivo: Identificar as estratégias disponíveis para a avaliação dos polifenóis nas células cancerosas do sistema digestivo. Metodologia: Pesquisa bibliográfica em bases de dados como Ovid, Pubmed, Science Direct e Elsevier Journal. Foram selecionados artigos que relatam o efeito biológico dos polifenóis em linhas celulares de câncer do sistema digestivo, publicados entre 2012 e 2022. Resultados: Vários estudos relataram a utilização de várias linhas celulares como modelos in vitro para estudos de polifenóis no câncer destacando as linhas AGS e HT-29, bem como técnicas para a ca-racterização de polifenóis, como o ensaio 2,2-Difenil-I-Picril Hidrazil (DPPH). No entanto, para avaliar o efeito biológico, são identificados vários testes que devem ser analisados antes da sua aplicação. Conclusões: A literatura identifica que existem várias alternativas e estratégias para a avaliação de extratos de plantas em culturas in vitro de câncer do sistema digestivo; no entanto, antes de passar à concepção experimental, é necessário ter em conta uma série de considerações para garantir a uti-lidade dos resultados

The Prognostic Role of Glutathione and Its Related Antioxidant Enzymes in the Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

The imbalance of high oxidative stress and low antioxidant capacities is thought to be a significant cause of the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the impact of oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH), and its related antioxidant enzymes on the recurrence of HCC has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare the changes to oxidative stress and GSH-related antioxidant capacities before and after tumor resection in patients with HCC recurrence and non-recurrence. We also evaluated the prognostic significance of GSH and its related enzymes in HCC recurrence. This was a cross-sectional and follow-up study. Ninety-two HCC patients who were going to receive tumor resection were recruited. We followed patients' recurrence and survival status until the end of the study, and then assigned patients into the recurrent or the non-recurrent group. The tumor recurrence rate was 52.2% during the median follow-up period of 3.0 years. Patients had significantly lower plasma malondialdehyde level, but significantly or slightly higher levels of GSH, glutathione disulfide, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities after tumor resection compared to the respective levels before tumor resection in both recurrent and non-recurrent groups. GSH level in HCC tissue was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissue in both recurrent and non-recurrent patients. Decreased plasma GPx (HR = 0.995, p = 0.01) and GR (HR = 0.98, p = 0.04) activities before tumor resection, and the increased change of GPx (post-pre-resection) (HR = 1.004, p = 0.03) activity were significantly associated with the recurrence of HCC. These findings suggest there might be a possible application of GPx or GR as therapeutic targets for reducing HCC recurrence.

Determination of Antioxidant Activity by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC-FL), Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA), Electrochemical and Microbiological Analyses of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Solanum mammosum L.

PURPOSE: The importance of studying polyphenolic compounds as natural antioxidants has encouraged the search for new methods of analysis that are quick and simple. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has been presented as an alternative to determine the total polyphenolic content and its antioxidant activity. METHODS: In this study, aqueous leaf extract of Solanum mammosum, a species of plant endemic to South America, was used to produce AgNPs. The technique of oxygen radical absorption capacity using fluorescein (ORAC-FL) was used to measure antioxidant activity. The oxidation of the 2´,7´-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) as fluorescent probe was used to measure cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). Electrochemical behavior was also examined using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Total polyphenolic content (TPH) was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the major polyphenolic compound was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC/DAD). Finally, a microbial analysis was conducted using Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp. RESULTS: The average size of nanoparticles was 5.2 ± 2.3 nm measured by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The antioxidant activity measured by ORAC-FL in the extract and nanoparticles were 3944 ± 112 and 637.5 ± 14.8 µM ET/g of sample, respectively. Cellular antioxidant activity was 14.7 ± 0.2 for the aqueous extract and 12.5 ± 0.2 for the nanoparticles. The electrochemical index (EI) was 402 µA/V for the extract and 324 µA/V for the nanoparticles. Total polyphenolic content was 826.6 ± 20.9 and 139.7 ± 20.9 mg EGA/100 g of sample. Gallic acid was the main polyphenolic compound present in the leaf extract. Microbiological analysis revealed that although leaf extract was not toxic for Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp., minor toxic activity for AgNPs was detected for both strains. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the aqueous extract of the leaves of S. mammosum contains nontoxic antioxidant compounds capable of producing AgNPs. The methods using AgNPs can be used as a fast analytical tool to monitor the presence of water-soluble polyphenolic compounds from plant origin. Analysis and detection of new antioxidants from plant extracts may be potentially applicable in biomedicine.

Purification, Identification, Activity Evaluation, and Stability of Antioxidant Peptides from Alcalase Hydrolysate of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) Proteins.

For utilizing the largest source of marine proteins, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) proteins were defatted and hydrolyzed separately using pepsin, alcalase, papain, trypsin, and netrase, and alcalase hydrolysate (EPAH) showed the highest DPPH radical (DPPH·) and hydroxyl radical (HO·) scavenging activity among five hydrolysates. Using ultrafiltration and chromatography methods, fifteen antioxidant peptides were purified from EPAH and identified as Asn-Gln-Met (NQM), Trp-Phe-Pro-Met (WFPM), Gln-Asn-Pro-Thr (QNPT), Tyr-Met-Asn-Phe (YMNF), Ser-Gly-Pro-Ala (SGPA), Ser-Leu-Pro-Tyr (SLPY), Gln-Tyr-Pro-Pro-Met-Gln-Tyr (QYPPMQY), Glu-Tyr-Glu-Ala (EYEA), Asn-Trp-Asp-Asp-Met-Arg-Ile-Val-Ala-Val (NWDDMRIVAV), Trp-Asp-Asp-Met-Glu-Arg-Leu-Val-Met-Ile (WDDMERLVMI), Asn-Trp-Asp-Asp-Met-Glu-Pro-Ser-Phe (NWD-DMEPSF), Asn-Gly-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln (NGPDPRPSQQ), Ala-Phe-Leu-Trp-Asn (AFLWA), Asn-Val-Pro-Asp-Met (NVPDM), and Thr-Phe-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-Pro-Gln (TFPIYDPQ), respectively, using a protein sequencer and ESI/MS. Among fifteen antioxidant peptides, SLPY, QYPPMQY and EYEA showed the highest scavenging activities on DPPH· (EC50 values of 1.18 ± 0.036, 1.547 ± 0.150, and 1.372 ± 0.274 mg/mL, respectively), HO· (EC50 values of 0.826 ± 0.027, 1.022 ± 0.058, and 0.946 ± 0.011 mg/mL, respectively), and superoxide anion radical (EC50 values of 0.789 ± 0.079, 0.913 ± 0.007, and 0.793 ± 0.056 mg/mL, respectively). Moreover, SLPY, QYPPMQY and EYEA showed strong reducing power, protective capability against H2O2-damaged plasmid DNA, and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability. Furthermore, SLPY, QYPPMQY, and EYEA had high stability under temperatures lower than 80 °C, pH values ranged from 6-8, and simulated GI digestion for 180 min. The results showed that fifteen antioxidant peptides from alcalase hydrolysate of Antarctic krill proteins, especially SLPY, QYPPMQY and EYEA, might serve as effective antioxidant agents applied in food and health products.

Purification of novel antioxidant peptides from myofibrillar protein hydrolysate of chicken breast and their antioxidant potential in chemical and H2O2-stressed cell systems.

Myofibrillar protein accounting for about 60% of total muscle proteins is expected to be a promising source of bioactive peptides. The purpose of the present study was to purify antioxidant peptides from myofibrillar protein hydrolysate of chicken breast by ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography, and evaluate their chemical antioxidant activities and protective effects in H2O2-stressed NIH-3T3 cells. Four major peptides were identified using nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS as ITTNPYDY, IGWSPLGSL, ITTNPYDYHY, and LRVAPEEHPTL. The sequenced peptides were synthesized and exhibited remarkable radical-scavenging ability, ORAC (108.2-133.5 µM TE per mg peptide), and FRAP (75.4-92.5 mM Fe2+ per mg peptide). Structure-activity relationship indicated that the antioxidant capacity of the peptides was more related to the presence of hydrophobic and antioxidant amino acids (including Trp, Val, Ile, Leu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Asp, His, and Tyr) in the sequences as well as their molecular structures. Moreover, they protected NIH-3T3 cells against oxidative damage through inhibiting ROS generation and lipid peroxidation. Especially, the antioxidant peptides ITTNPYDY and IGWSPLGSL significantly (p < 0.05) elevated intracellular glutathione level and antioxidant enzyme activities, and suppressed apoptosis by blocking caspase-3 activation. This work highlights that the selected peptides may serve as functional food ingredients with antioxidant and cytoprotective characteristics.

Chemical Composition and Ultraviolet Absorption Activity of an Aqueous Alkali Extract from the Fruiting Bodies of the Tinder Conk Mushroom, Fomes fomentarius (Agaricomycetes).

White rot mushroom Fomes fomentarius is a medicinal fungus with great potential to be explored. This work focused on the chemical composition of a basic aqueous extract from F. fomentarius fruiting bodies. The extract was mostly composed of phenolics, carbohydrates, minerals, and crude fat with a low amount of proteins and chitin. One-third of the total carbohydrates were in the form of beta-glucans with minor amounts of alpha-glucans. The most valuable essential part of the extract was composed of an acid-resistant ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing mixture of phenolic compounds such as melanins, lignins, and humic acids. These compounds, also referred to as melanin-like pigments, provided for the high antioxidant activity of the extract measured in vitro. Moderate sun-protective capacity was observed with regard to UVB rays and also expected in the UVA range. Quantification of melanin-like pigments in the F. fomentarius extract was possible either gravimetrically as acid-insoluble residue or spectrophotometrically in the UV region. Melanin estimation, based on nitrogen measurements, offered misleading results due to the presence of nitrogen-free melanins along with other nitrogen-containing compounds such as proteins and chitin. F. fomentarius water-soluble basic extract, containing beta-glucans and rich in melanin-like substances, could be used, for example, for topical skin application to prevent cell damage caused by excessive UV exposure or cytotoxic free radicals. The bioactive potential, safety, and further applications of the F. fomentarius extract are currently being investigated.

Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts from Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Side Streams Assisted by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE).

The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique was used, for the first time, to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant activity from side streams (muscle, heads, viscera, skin, and tailfins) of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in order to give added value to these underutilized matrices. Extraction conditions previously optimized for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) side streams were applied. Protein recovery percentages were 22% (muscle), 33% (heads), 78% (viscera), 24% (skin), and 26% (tailfins), which represented an increase of 1.2-4.5-fold compared to control samples (extraction by stirring). The SDS-PAGE profiles revealed that PLE-assisted extraction influenced protein molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. PLE conditions also allowed increasing the antioxidant capacity measured by both Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC; 1.3-2.4 fold) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC; 1.9-6.4) assays for all fish extracts. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qTOF-MS) were used to investigate the presence of toxic metals and mycotoxins in sea bream side streams. The levels of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb were below those established by authorities for fish muscle for human consumption (except for Cd in viscera samples). Through a nontargeted screening approach, no mycotoxins or related metabolites were detected for all sea bream side streams. This study contributes to the research on the valorization of fish processing side streams using environmentally friendly technology.

Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Pulsed Electric Fields for Valorization of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Sole (Dover sole) By-Products: Protein Content, Molecular Weight Distribution and Antioxidant Potential of the Extracts.

Fishery by-products are rich in biologically active substances and the use of green and efficient extraction methods to recover these high-added-value compounds is of particular importance. In this study, head, skin and viscera of rainbow trout and sole were used as the target matrices and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (45-55 °C, 15 min, pH 5.2-6.8, 103.4 bars) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) (1-3 kV/cm, 123-300 kJ/kg, 15-24 h) were applied as extraction technologies. The results showed that ASE and PEF significantly increased the protein extract efficiency of the fish by-products (p < 0.05) by up to 80%. SDS-PAGE results showed that ASE and PEF treatments changed the molecular size distribution of the protein in the extracts, which was specifically expressed as the change in the area or number of bands between 5 and 250 kDa. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was evaluated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total antioxidant capacity (ABTS) assays. The results showed that both ASE and PEF treatments significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout and sole skin and head extracts (p < 0.05). ASE and PEF extraction processes can be used as new technologies to extract high-added-value compounds from fish by-products.

Bioprospecting of Less-Polar Constituents from Endemic Brown Macroalga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh from the Adriatic Sea and Targeted Antioxidant Effects In Vitro and In Vivo (Zebrafish Model).

The endemic brown macroalga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh from the Adriatic Sea was in the focus of the present research. The volatiles of fresh (FrFv) and air-dried (DrFv) samples of F. virsoides obtained by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector and mass spectrometry (GC-FID/MS). The major HS-FrFv compound was pentadecane (61.90-71.55%) followed by pentadec-1-ene (11.00-7.98%). In HS-DrFv, pentadec-1-ene was not present, and few lower aliphatic compounds appeared, as well as benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. In HD-FrFv, particularly abundant were alkenes (such as pentadec-1-ene (19.32%), or (E)-pentadec-7-ene (8.35%)). In HD-DrFv, more oxidation products were present (e.g., carbonyl compounds such as tridecanal (18.51%)). The fatty acids profile of freeze-dried sample (FdFv) after conversion to methyl esters was determined by GC-FID, and oleic acid was dominant (42.28%), followed by arachidonic acid (15.00%). High-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-HRMS) was used for the screening of less polar fractions (F3 and F4) of F. virsoides. Mono- and diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, oleic, and arachidonic acids were found. Terpenoids and steroids comprised the compounds C20H30(32)O2 and C29H48O(2). Among carotenoids, fucoxanthin was identified. Chlorophyll derivatives were also found (C55H74(72)N4O(5-7)), dominated by pheophytin a. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was investigated by in vitro assays (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reduction of radical cation (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) and by in vivo zebrafish model (along with fish embryotoxicity). In vitro experiments proved good radical scavenging abilities of F3 and F4 fractions, which were additionally supported by the protective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos.

DPPH, FRAP and TAEC Assays with Postharvest Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Parameters During the Packaging Process.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cabbage head is one of the main essential vegetables grown worldwide and contains high antioxidants compounds that fight the inflammation of many diseases. In this study, antioxidant activities and several characteristics of four different cabbage heads (Red, Savoy, Green and Napa) have been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Characteristics included: Head dimensions, sphericity, aspect ratio, mass, moisture content, project and surface areas. The (static and dynamic) frictions were detected on different surfaces. RESULTS: Napa cultivar had the highest TEAC assay (5.69 µmol TE g-1 fw). Green head had the highest DPPH assay (91.22 µmol TE g-1 fw), while the red head had the highest FRAP assay (79.77 µmol TE g-1 fw). The highest moisture content was in the Napa heads (94.91%). Savoy heads recorded the highest width, thickness, aspect ratio, mass and sphericity. The highest static and dynamic frictions were found on galvanic iron (0.29-0.51) and stainless steel (0.36-0.66), respectively. CONCLUSION: The measured data will be used in the cabbage horticultural processing for quality improvement and diet planers due to the high antioxidant activities.

Improved Antioxidant Capacity of Black Tea Waste Utilizing PlantCrystals.

Antioxidants are recommended to prevent and treat oxidative stress diseases. Plants are a balanced source of natural antioxidants, but the poor solubility of plant active molecules in aqueous media can be a problem for the formulation of pharmaceutical products. The potential of PlantCrystal technology is known to improve the extraction efficacy and antioxidant capacity (AOC) of different plants. However, it is not yet proved for plant waste. Black tea (BT) infusion is consumed worldwide and thus a huge amount of waste occurs as a result. Therefore, BT waste was recycled into PlantCrystals using small-scale bead milling. Their characteristics were compared with the bulk-materials and tea infusion, including particle size and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in-vitro. Waste PlantCrystals possessed a size of about 280 nm. Their AOC increased with decreasing size according to the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assays. The AOC of the waste increased about nine-fold upon nanonization, leading to a significantly higher AOC than the bulk-waste and showed no significant difference to the infusion and the used standard according to DPPH assay. Based on the results, it is confirmed that the PlantCrystal technology represents a natural, cost-effective plant-waste recycling method and presents an alternative source of antioxidant phenolic compounds.

Oxalate Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Ethnic Foods.

OBJECTIVE: There is not enough information on the classification of oxalate content in several foods, particularly in ethnic foods, to recommend their consumption in subjects with urolithiasis (UL). The objective of the present study was to generate reliable information on the oxalate content and antioxidant activity in different foods and classify them by very low, low, medium, high and very high oxalate content and antioxidant activity. METHODS: The oxalate content of 109 foods including ethnic foods was assessed by an enzymatic assay, and the antioxidant activity was measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity to determine the oxalate/antioxidant activity ratio. Oxalate consumption was then evaluated in 400 subjects with overweight and obesity using 24-h dietary recalls. RESULTS: The main foods with high oxalate content were raw spinach, huanzontle, purslane, chard, almond, and toasted and sweetened roasted amaranth. The highest antioxidant activity was found in strawberries, all types of chocolates, roselle, morita peppers, and pinolillo. Subjects with overweight or obesity exceed the dietary oxalate daily intake recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The classification of foods by their oxalate content and antioxidant activity will be very useful to generate nutritional recommendation in different diseases, mainly UL.

Isolation and Characterization of New Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Components from Deep Marine-Derived Fungus Myrothecium SP. Bzo-l062.

In the present study, four new compounds including a pair of 2-benzoyl tetrahydrofuran enantiomers, namely, (-)-1S-myrothecol (1a) and (+)-1R-myrothecol (1b), a methoxy-myrothecol racemate (2), and an azaphilone derivative, myrothin (3), were isolated along with four known compounds (4-7) from cultures of the deep-sea fungus Myrothecium sp. BZO-L062. Enantiomeric compounds 1a and 1b were separated through normal-phase chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. The absolute configurations of 1a, 1b, and 3 were assigned by ECD spectra. Among them, the new compound 1a and its enantiomer 1b exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, inhibited nitric oxide formation in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells, and exhibited antioxidant activity in the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays.

Glycation mechanism of lactoferrin-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates with improved antioxidant activity revealed by high-resolution mass spectroscopy.

Glycosylation has a great effect on the antioxidant ability of proteins, which is due to the structural conformational change of peptides in the protein. In this study, a chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) was selected as the saccharide for glycation with lactoferrin (LF) by a wet-heat method, and a new stripe at a higher molecular zone in the gel of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and a change in the bond revealed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses were used to confirm that the chitosan oligosaccharide was successfully covalently bound to lactoferrin. The ABTS and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays indicated that lactoferrin exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity after glycation with the chitosan oligosaccharide. High-resolution mass spectroscopy further illuminated the relationship of enhanced antioxidant capacity and structural conformational change of peptides in lactoferrin at a molecular level.

Sprouts vs. Microgreens as Novel Functional Foods: Variation of Nutritional and Phytochemical Profiles and Their In Vitro Bioactive Properties.

The aim of the study was to analyze potential health-promoting and nutritional components (polyphenols, L-ascorbic acid, carotenoids, chlorophylls, amino acids, organic acid, sugars, ash and pectins) of selected sprouts (radish, lentil, black medick, broccoli, sunflower, leek, beetroot, mung beans) and microgreens (kale, radish, beetroot, green peas, amaranth). Moreover, antioxidant capacity (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)), in vitro anti-diabetic potential (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and anti-obesity (pancreatic lipase) and anti-cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) activity were evaluated. The results of this study show that sprouts are effective in antioxidant capacity as a result of a high content of polyphenols and L-ascorbic acid. Additionally, sprouts are better sources of amino acids, pectins and sugars than microgreens. Microgreens were characterized by high content of carotenoids and chlorophylls, and organic acid, without any sugars, exhibiting higher anti-diabetic and anti-cholinergic activity than sprouts. Some selected sprouts (broccoli, radish, lentil) and microgreens (radish, amaranths, kale) should be used daily as superfoods or functional food.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes), Sporophores from Various Culture Conditions.

Lentinus edodes (= Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom grown and marketed for centuries due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. L. edodes has multiple pharmacological activities as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Few studies were performed taking into account the influence of culture conditions to optimize the biological properties of L. edodes on human health. Our work focused on the comparison of antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of L. edodes fruit bodies cultivated by three mushroom producers in the French Occitanie region using the same strain in various growing conditions (organic and nonorganic). Sequential extraction was performed on freeze-dried fungal materials. All extracts have a quantifiable but moderate antioxidant activity measured via DPPH and ORAC tests. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts was evaluated on a model of inflammatory macrophages. The ethanol extracts inhibit NO production in a dose-dependent manner when the cells are pretreated for 4 h with a 24 h stimulation time.